Saturday, October 7, 2023

Gaza War: Saturday Night, October 7, 2023

It’s 9:00 PM here in Israel and I’m about to go to sleep. I have made it through the day. As you know Gaza has a military operation against the State of Israel. This morning they launched missile attacks targeting a number of cities including Beit Shemesh, where I live. I heard the rockets explode and there were also sirens. It does not look like they did any harm, thank God. Hamas also launched guerilla attacks on Israeli communities close to Gaza. These were deadly and about 100 Israelis have been killed. Ramat Beit Shemesh is about 57 kilometers or 31 nautical miles from Gaza and therefore not a target. 


Right now the Israel army is restoring control to the areas seized by the Palestinians. The concern was that this could spark a general war. It does not look like this is going to happen. The Arab citizens have no inclination to join the conflict and generally prefer to remain in the Jewish state. The Palestinian Authority (Judea & Samaria / West Bank, Hezbollah in southern Lebanon, and Syria have expressed support for Hamas but have declined to engage in hostilities. The other Arab states have generally called for restraint on both sides. As such I presently estimate that military activities on both sides will not last more that a week. 


Continued missile attacks are a possibility. I do have a bomb shelter one flight of stairs up and the State has an early warning system. As such I am reasonably safe. There is no realistic possibility of a significant guerilla attack in my locale. As long as there is a concern, I’ll keep you posted.




Thursday, October 5, 2023

Bereishit: Return to Purity, Return to Paradise



In parshat Bereishit Adam the first man and by extension all humanity sins by eating from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. For this he is expelled from the Garden of Eden. This is generally understood as a desire for promiscuity and this is by far the most common sin of humanity. The idea of a desire for virginity would seem to be very alien from the secular world. However my personal experience often is much different. 

In college I had a friend who fell in love with a girl. They made love for the first time together. After which the girl broke off the relationship with the intention of playing the field. My friend was crushed. However after he recovered, he became quite wild, and could score at will. When I was impressed, to my surprise he said that he would give up all the chickadees for his sweetheart. He explained that the other girls meant nothing to him but his beloved meant alot. I pondered what he said. His sweetheart was very pretty and far prettier than the girls he subsequently dated. I thought to myself that if I had the choice between his sweetheart and his other interests, I'd take the sweetheart every time.  In this case to me variety was pointless.

Sometime later I moved to Manhattan. There I got involved with Orthodox Judaism. Living with my parents, I had gone to synagogue regularly. My family were leaders of the Jewish community and both Jews and non Jews considered us to be royalty. By the time I graduated high school, I had absorbed everything Conservative Judaism had to offer. More importantly I needed to find my own way.

I also made a number of trips to Israel. On the first trip I decided to move there. However, when I discussed it with an immigration counsellor, I could barely get the words out of my mouth. It was as if Israel was on the other side of the Sambatyan. The Sambatyon is a mythical river in Jewish literature that is uncrossable because it is flowing with fire and stones. However it seems to be a metaphor for emotional and pychological barriers, basically estrangement. It took four years for me to get my head and heart in the right place to get on a plane with a one-way ticket. It turned out that the flight was the easiest part of my moving to Israel.

While this was happening I started to date a girl I met while taking courses at NYU Graduate School. She was unusual because she wanted to convert to Judaism. It was basically platonic. However, when things started getting romantic, she said to me that she must get the wildness out of her system, after that she would be my virgin. I was taken aback and replied that I never had thought in those terms, but whatever my point of view was, it was not that. As it turned out I moved to Israel before anything happened. 

Once in Israel I moved to the Haredi neighborhood, Geula, and spent alot of time studying Torah in yeshiva. The subject of Ruth Blau kept coming up. She was generally considered a great woman. She wound up marrying the chief rabbi of the Neturei Karta and living in Meah Sharim. She struck me a high maintenance woman living in a total slum. She was quite beautiful, but the Neturei Karta specifically makes their women ugly. When asked how she got into so many unusual situations, she replied that at every step she made the best decisions she could and this is where it brought her. The comment remained with me.

In short her story was that she was a convert who came to Israel and Judaism out of love of religion and the Jewish people. She had done some wild things which can be expressed in the words of the Billie Joel song, "You may be right, I may be crazy, but it just may be a lunatic you're looking for". People often said she was a night club singer. Everone agreed she had never been a nightclub singer, rather it was a euphemism for sordid aspects of her life. 

Generally I reacted with boredom and irritation. I had suffered myself in life and had always been a friend of distressed people. At the time I was working as a caregiver for psychotics. They were in and out of mental institutions, taking lithium, and receiving electroconvulsive therapy. The seamy side of life for many was titillating, for me it had no entertainment value whatsoever because I had seen too much human suffering and depravity.

Even worse Rebbitzen Ruth Blau was much like my Aunt Kaye. When I was young my mother had a nervous breakdown requiring hospitalization. Nobody knew when she was going to get out if ever. It was a family of six children and my father was looking for a housekeeper. Kaye was staying at the home of a friend of my mother and the friend told my father that Kaye could do the job and he would only need to pay her a small amount of money. Kaye took the job. It turned out she was a fundamentalist Christian, who frequently quoted the Bible and told stores about Jesus. She loved the Jews and saw them as God's chosen people. She was fifteen and a half, truant, came from a dysfunctional family, and had a boyfriend who was not her first. My older sister and I reacted to her with love. So did my uncle, who was over twenty years her senior. Lenny was recently divorced and a womanizer. He wrote her a love letter that got quick results and they dated for a short time. When my mother recovered, he married Kaye. She had just turned sixteen and they subsequently had two children.

This did not go over well with my Grandmother, who was basically a religious fanatic. That Kaye was sixteen and from a distressed background, did not bother her all that much. The fact that she was not Jewish made my grandmother all but impossible to deal with. For Kaye this played into her hands. She converted with her little children to Judaism and sent them to an orthodox Jewish day school. The strange thing was that all the time Kaye was with my uncle, she looked and behaved like a virgin.

In a recent book about Ruth Blau an incident is recounted with a befuddled tone, how she started making a scene in Meah Sharim, crying, and screaming she was a virgin. I was not befuddled. It seems to me her loss of purity tormented her that much, and this seems to be her greatness. It may be an example to the world, especially the Jewish people, how upsetting our lack of purity should be. And this may be the rectification of the sin of Adam the first man and our return to the Garden of Eden. 

Things did not end well for Kaye and Lenny. Lenny was anti religious and pulled the children out of Jewish day school. Kaye had another walk on the wild side. They got a divorce and my uncle died of cancer a few years an later. Years after that, when I returned from Israel to attend the weddings of two of my sisters, I unexpectedly I got a call from Kaye. We chatted some. Still reckoning herself as a Jew, and still a spiritual seeker she told me of her trip to India and stay on an American Indian reservation. Suddenly she broke out crying sobbing she never loved a man like she loved my uncle.

It seems to me often paradise is a frame of mind with fleeting aspects of it in this world. It can be seen in the pristine blue of the Mediterranean when travelling from Tel Aviv to Haifa, in Venus sparkling like a diamond in the sky, the birds singing in your yard in the morning, and in the view of the Temple Mount from the promenade in Jerusalem's east Talpiot neighborhood.

תו"ב במהרה בימינו 

Monday, January 16, 2023

Key Points: Mishpatim משפטים Statutes

 PARSHA

  1. Elaboration of the ten commandments in stream of consciousness form.
  2. Angel
  3. Holy land
  4. Angel
  5. Celebration of the law
  6. Moshe ascends the mountain

בבא קמא ז - ט: פלפולי תלמידי חכמים

 בס"ד



לאחר דיון בסוגי נזקי הרכוש. הגמרא דנה באמצעי החליפין המשמש לתשלום. תחילה נאמר (שמות כא, ל"ד) כי גורם הנזק חייב להחזיר. הטקסט משתמש במילה כֶּסֶף. התרגום הטהור ביותר של כֶּסֶף הוא מתכת כסף, אך בדרך כלל פירושו מזומן או ממון. המדרש מזכה את אברהם אבינו כאדם הראשון שהשתמש בכסף כאמצעי חליפין ואף באמצעות משקלים סטנדרטיים. השקל הוא המטבע של מדינת ישראל, והוא מוזכר לראשונה בספר בראשית. זה היה יחידת משקל, בסביבות 9.6 או 9.8 גרם. עם זאת, הכסף הוערך בזכות השימוש שלו בדברים כמו תכשיטים וכלי אכילה, ככזה הוא עדיין היה פריט חליפין. נראה שהשימוש בו כאן הוא כאמצעי החלפה.

מעט אחר כך (שם כב, ד) קובע החומש כי מי שגרם נזק חייב לשלם במיטב שדהו או פרדסו. במילים אחרות יבולים משמשים להסדרת החובה, שבמצב זה יהיה מעשה ברטר. מה שמהווה את ה"מֵיטַב" הוא נושא לוויכוח. רבי עקיבא, בעקבות הנוסח היסודי של התורה אומר שהוא הטוב ביותר בשדה המזיק. רבי ישמעאל, באמצעות מערכת של היגיון, טוען שזהו הטוב ביותר בתחומו של הניזוק. בנוסף מובא בָּרַיְתָא המנתח את הביטוי "ישלם, כסף יחזיר", ואמירת המילה ישיב (הוא יחזור), מיותר. יתירות זו נועדה ללמד שכל פריט ששווה כסף, לרבות סחורה נחותה, מהווה צורה תקפה של השבה.

לאחר מכן מנתחת הגמרא האם, "מֵיטַב שָׂדֵהוּ", עידית בארמית, חל על האיכות היחסית שדהו של האדם או אם זה אומר הערכות מקובלות. בארמית, חל על האיכות היחסית בתחומו של האדם או אם זה אומר הערכות מקובלות. שיך לכך יש כמה דיונים, לעתים קרובות משעשעים ומעניינים. האחד נוגע לאיכות הסחורה שניתן להשתמש בהן כדי לעמוד בהתחייבויות שונות. הוא מנתח גם את ההשפעה של שינויים עונתיים במחיר התוצרת על חישוב הסכום לתשלום. אחר דן בעדיפות בתשלום באמצעות גישה זו.

בשלב מסוים יורדת ההתמקדות בנושאים הבסיסיים. מה שנותר הוא דיון של תלמידים מושכלים בבית המדרש עם עבודות מאוחרות יותר המביאות ניתוח ומסקנות משפטיות. אמנם הגמרא לא אומרת את זה במפורש. אך נראה לי שכוונת החומש היא שיש לשלם פיצויים בהילך חוקי. אבל, בכלכלת חליפין נדרש המזיק להשתמש במיטב היבולים שלו כדי לשלם את ההתחייבות. אולם אם עומדת להיות בעיה באיסוף, ראוי לנפגע לקחת כל מה שהוא יכול ולסיים עם זה. 


לע"נ  האמא מלכה בת חיים ז"ל נלב"ע טז ניסן תשנ"ח

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Sunday, January 15, 2023

יד יוסף # 418; בבא קמא ב: - ה. - אבות נזיקין

 בס"ד



תחילת גמרא בבא קמא עוסקת בנזקי רכוש. זה במידה רבה הסבר על שמות 21:25 עד 22:16 שהיא במידה רבה המקור לחלק הארי של החוקים הללו. הניתוח התלמודי לפעמים הוא תמציתי ומבהיר. עם זאת, במקרים אחרים, ההיגיון חמקמק ועלול להשאיר את הקורא חסר פניות נרגז.

המשנה הראשונה קובעת ארבעה אבות נזיקין השור והבור והמבעה וההבער. אין הבנה נראית לעין של המילה מבעה ורש"י מעיר שיתבאר בהמשך. תלמידים בדרך כלל מוצאים את זה מעצבן. בכל מקרה שור מתייחס לשור שנוגח, נושך, קת, רומס או עוסק בדרך כלל בפעילות אגרסיבית בלתי צפויה. חור מתייחס לחור בשטח ציבורי ובדרך כלל לכל מפגע ציבורי. יש ויכוח לגבי המשמעות של מבעה. דעה אחת היא שהכוונה היא לבעל חיים שאוכל במיוחד משדהו של מישהו אחר מלבד בעליה. אולם דעה שנייה היא שהיא מתייחסת לנזקים הנגרמים על ידי אדם לרבות בזמן שינה. אש כוללת גם חומרים נדיפים מסוכנים.

שור נגוח, חור מסוכן, שור רעב ואש תואמים את הנרטיב בחומש ומסבירים את מושג הנזקים במיוחד בימי קדם. הדעה שמבעה פירושה אדם יש לה בסיס בטקסט ובמושג הנזקים אם כי חלש. זה מופיע תדיר בדיון בגמרא ויכול להיות, לפחות בעיני, מבלבל, מעצבן ותמוה. עם זאת, אם ראשו של אדם נמצא בבית כנסת עם מספר אנשים שלומדים בו, ניתן בשלב מסוים להתייחס אליו בחיבה כדיון בין אלה הלומדים בקביעות את כתבי הקודש. זהו למעשה הסגנון התלמודי והוא אופייני.

לאחר מכן חוקרת הגמרא האם המשנה או החומש מיותרים בארבע הקטגוריות הללו. המסקנה היא שהם שונים מבחינה רעיונית ולכן יהיו להם כללים שונים, חלקם ייחודיים. זה נראה לי מובן מאליו אינטואיטיבית. אולם הגמרא משקיעה מילים רבות בבדיקה קפדנית אם ניתן לכסות קטגוריה כלשהי על ידי האחרות.

ר’ אושיעא לימד שיש שלושה עשר אבות נזק. הם ארבע הקטגוריות העיקריות המנויות במשנה, ארבעת הבתים וחמשת סוגי הנזק. ארבעת השוטרים הם: 1) האדם שמסכים לצפות במשהו כטובה ולא מקבל תשלום, 2) הלווה, 3) השומר בתשלום ו-4) השוכר. חמשת סוגי הנזק שחוייב לשלם בגין פגיעה באדם אחר הם: 1) ירידה בערך השוק של הניזוק אם היה עבד; 2) כאב; 3) הוצאות רפואיות; 4) חופשת מחלה; ו-5) מבוכה.

ר’ חייא מלמד שיש עשרים וארבעה אבות נזק. הם כוללים את שלוש עשרה של רבי אושעיא. אחד עשר הנותרים נלקחים מהנרטיב בחומש. זה כולל דברים כמו פיצויים שגנב צריך לשלם לקורבן, התעללות מינית וחילול חפצים קדושים. בחלק מהכתבות יש ויכוח האם התשלום הוא בגין נזקים או בעצם קנס.




Bava Kamma 7 - 9: Discussions among Wise Students

בס"ד


After a discussion of the types of property damages. The Gemara discusses the medium of exchange used for payment. It first states (Exodus 21:34) that the person who causes the damage must make restitution. The text uses the word כֶּסֶף. The purest translation of כֶּסֶף is silver, but it is commonly understood to mean cash or money. The Midrash credits Abraham our patriarch as being the first person to use silver as a medium of exchange and even using standard weights. The shekel is the currency for the State of Israel, and is first mentioned in the Book of Genesis. It was a unit of weight, around 9.6 or 9.8 grams (0.34 or 0.35 oz). However silver was valued for its use in things like jewelry and eating utensils, as such it was still a barter item. Its use here seems to be as a medium of exchange. 


A little later (Ibid 22:4) the Chumash states that the person who has caused damage must pay with the best of his field or orchard. In other words crops are being used to settle the obligation, which in this situation would be an act of bartar. What constitutes the “best” (מֵיטַב) is the subject of a debate. Rabbi Akiva, following the fundamental text of the Torah says that it is the best of the damager’s field. Rabbi Yishmael, using a system of logic, claims it is the best of the damagee’s field. In addition another source (a Beraisa בָּרַיְתָא‎) is brought analyzing the phrase, “will pay, money (כסף) he will return”, and saying the word, ישיב (he will return), is redundant. This redundancy is meant to teach that any item worth money, including an inferior commodity, constitutes a valid form of restitution. 


The Gemara then analyzes whether the “best of his field”, עידית in Aramaic, applies to the relative quality in the person's field or if it means generally accepted evaluations. Germane to this there are several discussions, often entertaining and interesting. One concerns the quality of goods that can be used to satisfy various obligations. It also analyzes the effect of seasonal variations in the price of produce on the calculation of the amount to be paid. Another discusses priority in payment using this approach.


At some point the focus on the basic issues is lost resulting in confusion about them. What remains is a discussion of informed students in the beis midrash with later works rendering a legal analysis and conclusion. It seems to me that the intent of the Chumash is that damages should be paid in legal tender. But, in a barter economy the damager is required to use his best crops to pay off the obligation. However if there is going to be a problem with collection, it behooves the injured party to take whatever he can and be done with it. The Gemara, though, does not say that, at least not explicitly. 




לע"נ  האמא מלכה בת חיים ז"ל נלב"ע טז ניסן תשנ"ח

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Thursday, December 15, 2022

Bava Kamma 2b-5a: Fathers of Damages

 בס"ד



The beginning of Gemara Bava Kamma deals with property damages. It is largely an exposition on Exodus 21:25 to 22:16 which is largely the original source for the bulk of these laws. The Talmudic analysis at times is succinct and elucidating. At other times though, the logic is elusive and may leave the impartial reader exasperated.   


The first mishna states that there are four fathers, meaning broad categories of damages: the ox, hole, מבעה (maveh), and fire. There is no apparent understanding of the word maveh and Rashi comments that it will be explained later on. Students typically find this irritating. Anyway ox refers to an ox that gores, bites, butts, tramples or generally engages in unexpected aggressive activity. A hole refers to a hole in a public area and generally to any public hazard. There is a debate concerning what maveh means. One opinion is that it refers to an animal eating particularly from the field of someone other than its owner. However a second opinion is that it refers to damages caused by a human being including while sleeping. Fire also includes dangerous volatile  substances. 


A goring ox, a hazardous hole, a hungry ox, and a fire are consistent with the narrative in the Chumash and explain the concept of damages especially in ancient times. The opinion that maveh means man has a basis in the text and the concept of damages albeit a weak one. It frequently shows up in the discussion in the Gemara and can be, at least to me, confusing, irritating, and puzzling. However if a person’s head is in a synagogue with a number of people who study there, it can at some point be viewed affectionately as a discussion among those that regularly study the sacred texts. This in fact is the Talmudic style and is typical.


The Gemara then investigates whether the Mishna or the Chumash is being redundant in these four categories. The conclusion is that they are conceptually different therefore will have different rules, some of them unique. This seems to me to be intuitively obvious. However the Gemara spends many words painstakingly examining if any category can be covered by the others. 


Rabbi Oshaya taught that there are thirteen fathers of damage. They are the four primary categories enumerated in the mishna, the four bailees, and the five types of damage. The four bailees are: 1) The person who agrees to watch something as a favor and is not paid, 2) the borrower, 3) the paid guard, and 4) the renter. The five types of damage one is liable to pay for injuring another person are: 1) decrease in the injured party’s market value if he was a slave; 2) pain; 3) medical expenses; 4) sick leave; and 5) embarrassment.  


Rabbi Ḥiyya teaches that there are twenty-four fathers of damage. They include the thirteen of Rabbi Oshaya. The remaining eleven are culled from the narrative in the Chumash. This includes things like compensation a thief must pay to the victim, sexual abuse, and profanation of sacred articles. On some articles there is a debate as to whether the payment is for damages or in fact is a fine.


לע"נ  האמא מלכה בת חיים ז"ל נלב"ע טז ניסן תשנ"ח

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